BCSnob
Middletown, MD
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Here is a study that evaluated the impacts of Covid-19 infections on brain function.
Quote:COVID-19 patients and survivors experience Alzheimer’s-like neural syndrome including memory loss, delirium and cognitive deficits 22, suggesting that there is a cellular mechanism underlying these phenomena.
Quote:Acute neurological disorders occur in many patients, and one-third of COVID-19 survivors suffer from brain diseases.
Neurons have ace2 receptors. Virus particles were found in brain cells of infected patients. The infection caused several cellular changes including brain cell death.
Being infected with Covid-19 carries several risks, one of which is neurological damage/changes.
SARS-CoV-2 invades cognitive centers of the brain and induces Alzheimer's-like neuropathology
BioRxiv preprint 1Feb2022
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BCSnob
Middletown, MD
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This preprint is a review of inpatient Covid-19 disease progression for 2 groups of patients during the pandemic broken into 3 phases: infections from early variants, infections from Delta, and infections from Omicron (either confirmed by testing or inferred based upon >95% dominance of one variant). Symptomatic COVID-19 requiring inpatient care was defined by pulse oximetry recording of 110, respiratory rate >24, or use of supplemental oxygen within the first 24 hours of admission.
Quote:Patients who received a dose of Ad26.COV2.S or a second dose of mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 >2 weeks prior to hospitalization were classified as vaccinated; additional vaccine doses were not considered due to small sample size. Prior COVID-19 was defined by positive SARS-CoV-2 test >60 days prior to hospitalization. Unvaccinated patients with history of prior COVID-19 were grouped with vaccinated patients for stratified analyses based on reports showing similar
protective effects.20
Outcome of the disease after admission was broken into 2 groups: progression to severe or death vs not.
Quote:Severe COVID-19 was defined as respiratory support with high flow nasal cannula, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, or mechanical ventilation.21 The primary outcome was severe disease or death within 14 days of hospital presentation, chosen because severe COVID-19 onset occurs within this timeframe for nearly all patients who develop severe disease.17 Patients who were discharged alive and without record of death were assumed to survive through day 14 without severe disease.
The study included 3,365 unvaccinated patients and 808 patients with previous exposure to Covid-19 (vaccination or previous infection). More unvaccinated patients were admitted than those with previous immunity (vaccinated or infection).
Quote:Severe disease or death within 14 days occurred for 950 of 3,365 (28%) unvaccinated patients and 178 of 808 (22%) patients with history of vaccination or prior COVID-19. Among unvaccinated patients, the relative risk of 14-day severe disease or death for Delta variant
compared to ancestral lineages was 1.34. Compared to Delta variant, this risk for Omicron patients was 0.78 and compared to ancestral lineages was 1.04. Among Omicron and Delta infections, patients with history of vaccination or prior COVID-19 had one-half the 14-day risk of severe disease or death (adjusted hazard ratio 0.46, IQR 0.34-0.62) but no significant outcome difference between Delta and Omicron infections.
Previously acquired immunized cut the risk of progressing to severe dispense or death in half. Among the unvaccinated there was a higher risk of the disease progressing to severe or death with Delta than with the Omicron or the other variants; the risk with Omicron was the same as with the other variants.
Other studies indicated there is a lower risk with Omicron than the other variants of requiring admission, however, if the disease from Omicron is bad enough to require admission the risk of the disease getting worse or causing death is the same as with the other variants except Delta.
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on inpatient clinical outcome
MedRxiv preprint 3 Feb 2022
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BCSnob
Middletown, MD
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Joined: 02/23/2002
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The initial testing of the mRNA vaccines was performed with nonhuman primates. In this study by Moderna, previously vaccinated macaques (2 doses) were boosted at week 41 with either mRNA-1273 (wuhan spike) or mRNA-1273.529 (Omicron spike). Neutralizing antibody titers were then assessed using a live virus assays for the original strain and Omicron at weeks 6, 41 (pre-boost) and 43. Memory B cell responses to wuhan and Omicron were measured at weeks 6, 41 and 43.
Antibody titers for Wuhan decreased 94% from week 6 to 41. Antibody titers for Omicron were 93% lower at week 6 as compared to Wuhan. The Omicron titers decreased 66% between weeks 6 and 41. Boosting with mRNA-1273 yielded titers against wuhan that were 12% higher and 11x higher against Omicron than 2 weeks after the 2nd dose. Boosting with mRNA-1273.529 (Omicron spike) yielded titers against wuhan that were 44% lower and 7x higher against Omicron than 2 weeks after the 2nd dose. Generally, boosting with either variant yielded the needed increase in antibody titers and cross reactivity to the other variant.
At week 6 after vaccination with mRNA-1273 63% of B cells dual-specific and capable of binding both Wuhan and Omicron. After boosting with mRNA-1273 71% of B cells dual-specific and after boosting with mRNA-1273.529 (Omicron spike) 81% of B cells dual-specific.
The current mRNA-1273 provides memory B cells with cross reactivity to omicron. Boosting with mRNA-1273 increases the antibody titers and cross reactivity with Omicron. Boosting with mRNA-1273.529 (Omicron) increases the antibody titers slight increases the B cell reactivity to Omicron. Getting a booster is key.
mRNA-1273 or mRNA-Omicron boost in vaccinated macaques elicits comparable B cell expansion, neutralizing antibodies and protection against Omicron
BioRxiv preprint 4 Feb 2022
This study utilized new products from my employer which measures antibodies against several (10) variants at the same time and now includes Omicron.
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MEXICOWANDERER
las peñas, michoacan, mexico
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Joined: 06/01/2007
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Ómicron reinfection?
Is the variant too new to have been assessed for ability of reinfection?
Second question...
PPM Fully mRNA inoculated then Delta diagnosis?
Third...
Efficacy of other than mRNA World vaccines?
Examples: Sinopharm, AstraZeneca, Sputnik
Much appreciated!
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silversand
Montreal
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Joined: 09/12/2004
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BC Snob wrote:This study utilized new products from my employer which measures antibodies against several (10) variants at the same time and now includes Omicron
Thanks for all the pointers to new research! I'll have some reading to do....
Silver
2004 Chevy Silverado 2500HD 4x4 6.0L Ext/LB Tow Package 4L80E Michelin AT2s| Outfitter Caribou
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BCSnob
Middletown, MD
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Joined: 02/23/2002
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Mex,
I’m not sure when I’ll be able to dig out the info you requested.
Mark
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silversand
Montreal
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"In summary, we found that SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism exhibited full penetrance in the cortexes of COVID-19 autism and Alzheimer’s patients. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced Alzheimer’s-like phenotypes in autism patients and exacerbated neuropathology in Alzheimer’s patients. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggered cellular and molecular Alzheimer’s pathogenesis programs in iPSC-derived neurons from healthy individuals and enhanced neuropathological phenotypes in iPSC-derived neurons from Alzheimer’s patients. We reveal a list of 24 genes that potentially mediate the infectious etiology of Alzheimer’s disease under the condition of SARS-CoV-2 infection."
SARS-CoV-2 invades cognitive centers of the brain and induces Alzheimer’s-like neuropathology here-->
Wow. I'm worried. What if Omicron (BA.2) infects everyone on Earth (eventually) ? We need to start developing a treatment for a potentially very, very large human population. Am I overreacting? Or not?
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BCSnob
Middletown, MD
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Joined: 02/23/2002
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This in-vitro study (see materials section at end of publication) indicates what is possible it does not assess for a correlation to disease severity or if the changes are reversible. It provides a cellular link between “Covid-19 brain fog” and another neurological disease such as Alzheimer’s. The study results also suggest treatments found for "Covid-19 brain fog" may be beneficial for other cognitive diseases such as Alzheimer's.
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BCSnob
Middletown, MD
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MEXICOWANDERER wrote:Ómicron reinfection?
Is the variant too new to have been assessed for ability of reinfection?
Protection afforded by prior infection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with the Omicron variant
MedRxiv preprint 6 Jan 2022
Quote:CONCLUSIONS Protection afforded by prior infection in preventing symptomatic reinfection with Alpha, Beta, or Delta is robust, at about 90%. While such protection against reinfection with Omicron is lower, it is still considerable at nearly 60%. Prior-infection protection against hospitalization or death at reinfection appears robust, regardless of variant.
I’ve also read suggestions that infection by Omicron may provide less immunity or shorter duration of immunity against future reinfection. Natural immunity has shown a correlation with disease severity; omicron caused less severe infections than previous variants.
Quote:The high level of natural population immunity after each variant in the South Africa wave hints that natural immunity does not last long enough to protect against the next variant10. Limited information indicates that patients with previous SARS-COV-2 infection could become reinfected more easily with the Omicron than with other variants. Around one-quarter of South Africa is fully vaccinated and many people were infected with SARS-CoV-2 in earlier waves. Callaway6 found that people infected with SARS-CoV-2 previously prior to vaccination tended to have higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron than vaccinated people with no infection of the Omicron.
World J Clin Cases. 2022 Jan 7; 10(1): 1–11.
* This post was
edited 02/07/22 10:28am by BCSnob *
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BCSnob
Middletown, MD
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Joined: 02/23/2002
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MEXICOWANDERER wrote:
Third...
Efficacy of other than mRNA World vaccines?
Examples: Sinopharm, AstraZeneca, Sputnik
This is a literature review of studies on vaccine effectiveness against Omicron
Neutralizing potency of COVID-19 vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant
J ournal of Medical Virology 5 Jan 2022
This is one of the references
Broadly neutralizing antibodies overcome SARS-CoV-2 Omicron antigenic shift
BioRxiv preprint now published in Nature
Quote:Convalescent patients and individuals vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S (single dose), Sputnik V or BBIBP-CorV had no neutralizing activity against Omicron except for one Ad26.COV2.S and three BBIBP-CorV vaccinees (Fig. 2a-b). Individuals vaccinated with mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, and AZD1222 displayed higher neutralization against Wuhan-Hu-1 and retained activity against Omicron with a decrease of 33-, 44- and 36-fold, respectively (Fig. 2a). Interestingly, this decrease was less pronounced for vaccinated individuals who were previously infected (5-fold) (Fig. 2b) consistent with broadening of antibody responses as a consequence of affinity maturation driven by multiple antigenic stimulations27-29. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a substantial and unprecedented reduction in plasma neutralizing activity against Omicron versus the ancestral virus, that in several cases may fall below protective titers30.
* This post was
edited 02/07/22 10:48am by BCSnob *
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